Compare the carboniferous period to the devonian period.

Question: There are 4 types of biomes. Answer: False Question: Which of the following is considered an arid biome? grassland b. desert c. savanna d. rainforest Answer: B.desert Question: What developments occurred from the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period? Answer: Dinosaur

Science. Reference. Carboniferous Period. This time period took place 359 to 299 million years ago. 3 min read. The Carboniferous period, part of the late Paleozoic era, takes its name from...By the late Devonian though, they had developed jaws that could measure up to 33 ft. ... What dangers travelers might face during the carboniferous period? insects deep swampsmountains forming.The shallow seas that covered Oklahoma during parts of the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous periods were home to generally similar communities. Different kinds of rhynchonelliform brachiopods and crinoids were abundant, and bivalves, cephalopods and snails were also common, Trilobites became less common over time and were reduced in variety. Can I find Silurian, Devonian orDevonian Period. Devonian Period - Fossils, Marine Life, Plants: A highly varied invertebrate fauna that originated in the preceding Silurian Period continued in the Devonian, and most ecological niches of shallow and deep marine water were exploited. The remarkable proliferation of primitive fishes, which has given the period the name the ...Aug 25, 2023 · Permian Period, in geologic time, the last period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 298.9 million to 252.2 million years ago. The climate was warming throughout Permian times, and, by the end of the period, hot and dry conditions were so extensive that they caused a crisis in Permian marine and terrestrial life. Paleozoic Era : 541.0 - 251.902 Ma. Range (Ma) Devonian. 419.2 - 358.9. Silurian. 443.8 - 419.2. and Geology of the Silurian Huge reef complexes in many parts of the world. In fact, the Silurian and Devonian see the largest volume of metazoan-generated carbonates in Earth's history. Global oceanic highstand after the big terminal Ordovician ...

When did the Devonian period start and end? 419.2 (+/- 3.2) million years ago – 358.9 (+/- 0.4) million years ago Devonian/Occurred. How many millions of years long was the Devonian period? Devonian Period, in geologic time, an interval of the Paleozoic Era that follows the Silurian Period and precedes the Carboniferous Period, spanning ...During the Carboniferous Period, Priapulids first entered the scene. These marine worms grew to a large size due to the higher concentrations of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere and because of the moist, swampy environment. These factors also allowed millipede-like creatures known as Arthropleura to get about 2.6 meters (7.8 feet) in length.Carboniferous period followed the Devonian in the late. Paleozoic era. During ... Use Figure 3 to compare Archaeopteryx and a type of pterosaur called ...The Carboniferous period was named after the coal-bearing rock formations overlying the Devonian period in England. It has been divided into Mississipian and Pennsylvanian successions with further subdivisions, into stages, identified in Europe. Permian successions exposed in western Texas and New Mexico in the USA are rich in fossil fuels (Kumar, …Africa - Paleozoic, Fossils, Geology: The Paleozoic Era consists of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods and includes two major mountain-building episodes. The continent of Africa may be said to have taken shape during the Paleozoic. A glacial period during the Ordovician is evidenced by widespread deposition tillites, which may be seen in southern ...Paleozoic Era : 541.0 - 251.902 Ma. Range (Ma) Devonian. 419.2 - 358.9. Silurian. 443.8 - 419.2. and Geology of the Silurian Huge reef complexes in many parts of the world. In fact, the Silurian and Devonian see the largest volume of metazoan-generated carbonates in Earth's history. Global oceanic highstand after the big terminal Ordovician ...The Carboniferous Period is often further divided into two different periods - The Mississippian Period (early Carboniferous) and the Pennsylvanian Period (late Carboniferous). The Carboniferous has a clue in its name – CARBON – and this is when much of Earth’s carbon-rich coals formed because many places on Earth were swampy.

TABLE 23.1 Comparison of Age Estimates and Durations. ... Indosinia collided with the Yangzi-Huanan terranes in Devonian or Early Carboniferous period and became part of the East Asia continent ...Jun 13, 2021 · In fact, the definition of the base of the Carboniferous Period at the Second Heerlen Congress in 1935 (Jongmans and Gothan, 1937) is the first internationally and widely recognised chronostratigraphic boundary, hence the first GSSP in our modern understanding. The Devonian and Carboniferous period. Only small number of wells. Too deep for profitable minerals. Other countries. Building stones,brick, glass sand and abrassive materials. 19th century; oil & natural gas produced.Africa - Paleozoic, Fossils, Geology: The Paleozoic Era consists of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods and includes two major mountain-building episodes. The continent of Africa may be said to have taken shape during the Paleozoic. A glacial period during the Ordovician is evidenced by widespread deposition tillites, which may be seen in southern ...To the north lay a portion of modern Siberia. A composite continent of South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia dominated the southern hemisphere. Click on the buttons below to learn more about the Devonian. The chart at left shows the major subdivisions of the Devonian Period. This image is mapped to take you back to the ... Fragmentary remains of insect-like arthropods are known from the Silurian to the mid-Devonian periods, 425 million to 385 million years ago, whereas modern insects are known from the Carboniferous ...

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Devonian Period - Gondwana, Carboniferous, Paleozoic: In New Zealand the Lower Devonian is known in the Reefton and Baton River areas. The brachiopods in the faunal assemblages include European elements and have few typical austral types. Devonian rocks are known in eastern Australia in a belt from Queensland to Tasmania as part of …Although the broad role of plants in the DPH is well established, recent advances in the study of BEE, and in particular the role of roots in bedrock weathering and soil production, may refine this hypothesis (Fig. 1).Here, we wish to apply new understandings of these complex interactions to the Devonian, the period of probable …Carboniferous Period. Carboniferous Period - Rocks, Climate, Life: The Carboniferous System is divided into two subsystems—the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian—and seven depositional stages that also correspond to time units (ages) of the same names. The Mississippian Subsystem is made up of the Tournaisian (deposited 358.9 to 346.7 million ...The Carboniferous Period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago* during the late Paleozoic Era. The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago. The Cretaceous Period was the last and longest segment of the Mesozoic Era.Devonian Period - Gondwana, Carboniferous, Paleozoic: In New Zealand the Lower Devonian is known in the Reefton and Baton River areas. The brachiopods in the faunal assemblages include European elements and have few typical austral types. Devonian rocks are known in eastern Australia in a belt from Queensland to Tasmania as part of …The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites (Figure 2), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of invertebrates that failed to survive ...

Aug 13, 2007 · Previous estimates suggested that during the Early and Late Devonian, oxygen levels were somewhat lower than the present 21%, dropping slightly from about 19% to about 17% by the middle of the Frasnian, then rising steadily thoughout the Mississippian to reach about 33% by the end of that period (Berner 1999; Berner et al. 2003). However, a new ... Question: Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. Answer: In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms.Jun 13, 2021 · In fact, the definition of the base of the Carboniferous Period at the Second Heerlen Congress in 1935 (Jongmans and Gothan, 1937) is the first internationally and widely recognised chronostratigraphic boundary, hence the first GSSP in our modern understanding. Climate is a better tool for classification. Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms.The most well known of all geological periods is the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era (the movie Jurassic Park, of course, has something to do with that). The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods. From oldest to youngest, these are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. Pteridospermatophyta, also called "pteridosperms" or "seed ferns" are a polyphyletic grouping of extinct seed-producing plants.The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type is the genus Elkinsia and the Lyginopterids of late Devonian age. They flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Pteridosperms declined …The Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution, also known as the Devonian Plant Explosion ( DePE) [1] and the Devonian explosion, was a period of rapid plant and fungal diversification that occurred 428 to 359 million years ago during the Silurian and Devonian, [2] [3] [4] with the most critical phase occurring during the Late Silurian and Early ... The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 354 to 290 million years ago during the late Paleozoic Era. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal that occur there. These deposits of coal occur throughout northern Europe, Asia, and midwestern and eastern North America. The term "Carboniferous" is ...Devonian Period - Geology, Fossils, Climate: The union of the paleocontinents of Laurentia and Baltica occurred near the beginning of the Devonian to form a single landmass that has been referred to both as Laurussia and as Euramerica. The northern portion of the combined landmass gave rise to widespread areas of continental desert, playa, and alluvial plain …

A comparison of the age of the base and/or top of the Devonian Period with the corresponding duration from selected time scales published during the last two decades is given in Table 22.1. Relative to the GTS2020 results, the GTS2012 Devonian time scale is 400 kyr shorter.

There are 26 bi-weekly pay periods in a year, once every two weeks. The bi-weekly pay period is the most common. However not every company pays its employees every two weeks. There can be up to 27 bi-weekly pay periods in a year.The Devonian Period is divided into seven Ages, from oldest to youngest: the Lochkovian, Pragian, and Emsian (constituting the Early Devonian), the Eifelian and Givetian (Middle Devonian), and the Frasnian and Famennian (Late Devonian).The Carboniferous is a Paleozoic geological period and system spanning 60 million years from the end of the Devonian to the beginning of the Permian at ...Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the only reason. In this video, SciShow explains a few other reasons you might skip a period. Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the on...Subdivisions of the Devonian: The chart at left shows the major subdivisions of the Devonian Period. This image is mapped to take you back to the Silurian, or forward in time to the Carboniferous Period. The Devonian Period is part of the Paleozoic Era.The Carboniferous period happened approximately 359 to 299 million years ago. It is best known as an era where there were vast swamps and forests, hence the name “carboniferous” which means producing or containing carbon or coal. On the other hand, the Devonian period happened about 416-359 million years ago The Devonian and Carboniferous period. Only small number of wells. Too deep for profitable minerals. Other countries. Building stones,brick, glass sand and abrassive materials. 19th century; oil & natural gas produced.In fact, the definition of the base of the Carboniferous Period at the Second Heerlen Congress in 1935 (Jongmans and Gothan, 1937) is the first internationally and widely …Feb 22, 2014 · The Devonian Period occurred from 419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago. It was the fourth period of the Paleozoic Era. It was preceded by the Silurian Period and followed by the Carboniferous ... Cambrian | Ordovician | Silurian | Devonian | Carboniferous | Permian Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya) Hot, humid conditions pervade across the great northern landmass, Laurussia (Euramerica ...

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By the late Devonian though, they had developed jaws that could measure up to 33 ft. ... What dangers travelers might face during the carboniferous period? insects deep swampsmountains forming.The Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution, also known as the Devonian Plant Explosion ( DePE) [1] and the Devonian explosion, was a period of rapid plant and fungal diversification that occurred 428 to 359 million years ago during the Silurian and Devonian, [2] [3] [4] with the most critical phase occurring during the Late Silurian and Early ...Climate is a better tool for classification. Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms.Fossils preserve the remains of brachiopods, fishes, and vegetation. ← Silurian Period · Carboniferous Period → · Geologic Timescale · Paleozoic Devonian ...This can make a direct comparison of ... 543 MYA to 248 MYA, Silurian Period - 443 to 417 MYA, and Devonian Period - 417 to 354 MYA ... Devonian, Carboniferous ... Africa - Paleozoic, Fossils, Geology: The Paleozoic Era consists of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods and includes two major mountain-building episodes. The continent of Africa may be said to have taken shape during the Paleozoic. A glacial period during the Ordovician is evidenced by widespread deposition tillites, which may be seen in southern ... This can make a direct comparison of ... 543 MYA to 248 MYA, Silurian Period - 443 to 417 MYA, and Devonian Period - 417 to 354 MYA ... Devonian, Carboniferous ... The Devonian (/ d ɪ ˈ v oʊ n i. ən, d ɛ-/ də-VOH-nee-ən, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, …The Age of Oxygen (400 million to 290 million years ago) As plants became firmly established on land, life once again had a major effect on Earth’s atmosphere during the Carboniferous Period. Oxygen made up 20 percent of the atmosphere—about today’s level—around 350 million years ago, and it rose to as much as 35 percent over the next ...Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms.This can make a direct comparison of ... 543 MYA to 248 MYA, Silurian Period - 443 to 417 MYA, and Devonian Period - 417 to 354 MYA ... Devonian, Carboniferous ... The most well known of all geological periods is the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era (the movie Jurassic Park, of course, has something to do with that). The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods. From oldest to youngest, these are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. ….

_____ and_____ also continue to thrive in the sea during the Devonian period. warm high. In the Carboniferous period, the climate was generally_____ and the humidity were very_____ over most of the world. forests and swamps ... Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.The Devonian period marked both the apex and the extinction of the placoderms, prehistoric fish characterized by their tough armor plating (some placoderms, such as the enormous Dunkleosteus, attained weights of three or four tons). As noted above, the Devonian also teemed with lobe-finned fish, from which the first tetrapods evolved, as well ...Carboniferous Period. Carboniferous Period - Rocks, Climate, Life: The Carboniferous System is divided into two subsystems—the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian—and seven depositional stages that also correspond to time units (ages) of the same names. The Mississippian Subsystem is made up of the Tournaisian (deposited 358.9 to 346.7 million ...Apr 24, 2020 · The Carboniferous is the period of time spanning between 358.9 ± 0.4 million years ago and 298.9 ± 0.15 million years ago. It is the fifth period of the Palaeozoic Era, and was described by William Daniel Conybeare and William Phillips. During the Carboniferous, the two continental masses Gondwana and Larussia collided, closing the Rheic ... Question: Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. Answer: In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms. Question: Which of the …To summarize patterns over time, we estimated median size at 1 Myr intervals for a 50 Myr time period spanning the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary for a sample of 50 trees drawn from the posterior ...The Carboniferous Period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago* during the late Paleozoic Era. The term “Carboniferous” comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal that occur there. These deposits of coal occur throughout northern Europe, Asia, and midwestern and eastern North America.However, the Carboniferous period (359 to 299 million years ago) was also notable for the appearance of new terrestrial vertebrates, including the very first amphibians and lizards. The Carboniferous was the second-to-last period of the Paleozoic Era (541-252 million years ago), preceded by the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , and Devonian …The Devonian–Carboniferous transition in La Serre is characterized by Cycles I to III, and the GSSP of the Famennian/Tournaisian (= Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary) is defined at the base of Bed 89 ( Fig. 16, after Bless et al., 1992; Brand et al., 2004; Flajs and Feist, 1988 ). In many European regions the Hangenberg Black Shale (HBS) occurs ... Compare the carboniferous period to the devonian period., Cambrian | Ordovician | Silurian | Devonian | Carboniferous | Permian Carboniferous Period (354-290 mya) Hot, humid conditions pervade across the great northern landmass, Laurussia (Euramerica ... , Pennsylvanian. The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly 323.2 million years ago to 298.9 million years ago Ma (million years ago). Mississippian., The Carboniferous was a time of diverse marine invertebrates. The Late Devonian Period experienced major extinctions within some marine invertebrate groups, and Carboniferous faunas reflect a different …, Apr 28, 2023 · The term “Carboniferous” (“coal bearing”) is descriptive, but Conybeare and Phillips expected that the Carboniferous System would be widely recognized by its distinctive fossils rather than its lithology (Eicher 1976). Significant Mississippian events. During the Mississippian Period, shallow seas covered much of North America. , The Permian Period commenced 298.9 million years ago and ended 252.2 million years ago. Roderick Murchison named the period in 1841 in collaboration with Russian geologists. The name represents beds of rocks lying above carboniferous layers that were quite common in the city of Perm in the Ural Mountains of Russia., Mar 23, 2014 · The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 358.9 ± 0.4 million years ago, to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 298.9 ± 0.15 Ma. The name Carboniferous means “coal-bearing” and derives from the Latin words carbo (coal) and fero, fers (to carry), and was coined by ... , The Carboniferous Period is also known as the Age of Amphibians. It is the fifth of six geologic periods that together make up the Paleozoic Era. The Carboniferous Period is preceded by the Devonian Period and followed by the Permian Period. The climate of the Carboniferous Period was quite uniform (there were no distinct seasons) …, The Devonian and Carboniferous period. Only small number of wells. Too deep for profitable minerals. Other countries. Building stones,brick, glass sand and abrassive materials. 19th century; oil & natural gas produced., The development of multicellular life ushered in the Paleozoic Era (542–250 million years ago), which embraced shorter geologic periods including (in order) the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods. It's only after all that that we reach the Mesozoic Era (250-65 million years ago), which includes the ..., Paleozoic Era : 541.0 - 251.902 Ma. Range (Ma) Devonian. 419.2 - 358.9. Silurian. 443.8 - 419.2. and Geology of the Silurian Huge reef complexes in many parts of the world. In fact, the Silurian and Devonian see the largest volume of metazoan-generated carbonates in Earth's history. Global oceanic highstand after the big terminal Ordovician ..., Geochronological data shows that they formed from the Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous with crystal ages of 389 Ma, 368 Ma, and 351 Ma, which were just in the time of the quiet period and provide perfect proof for the study of the tectonic transition from the quiet period of the Devonian to the reactive period of the Early Carboniferous., Africa - Paleozoic, Fossils, Geology: The Paleozoic Era consists of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods and includes two major mountain-building episodes. The continent of Africa may be said to have taken shape during the Paleozoic. A glacial period during the Ordovician is evidenced by widespread …, May 21, 2018 · The Devonian is followed in geologic time by the Carboniferous Period (360 mya to 286 mya). In many modern geological texts, especially those in the United States , the time of Carboniferous Period covered by two alternate geologic periods, the Mississippian Period (360 mya to 325 mya) and the Pennsylvanian Period (325 mya to 286 mya). , There are 26 bi-weekly pay periods in a year, once every two weeks. The bi-weekly pay period is the most common. However not every company pays its employees every two weeks. There can be up to 27 bi-weekly pay periods in a year., The Devonian is a period of time or interval that encompasses the end of the Silurian, about 419 million years ago (Mya), to the start of the Carboniferous, around 359 Mya. It is, therefore, a ..., The first tree emerged during the Earth’s Devonian period, which was approximately 416 million to 358 million years ago. Scientists believe the first tree was the Archeopteris, a species that is now extinct., Many of the Carboniferous amphibians and anthracosaur groups persisted into the early part of the Permian Period (298.9 million to 251.9 million years ago). The Permian climate became increasing arid, and this change seemed to favour the amniotes, which became progressively more abundant and diverse during this era., The Carboniferous was a time of diverse marine invertebrates. The Late Devonian Period experienced major extinctions within some marine invertebrate groups, and Carboniferous faunas reflect a different …, Question: Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. Answer: In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms., Fragmentary remains of insect-like arthropods are known from the Silurian to the mid-Devonian periods, 425 million to 385 million years ago, whereas modern insects are known from the Carboniferous ..., The Devonian is a period of time or interval that encompasses the end of the Silurian, about 419 million years ago (Mya), to the start of the Carboniferous, around …, The Devonian is a period of time or interval that encompasses the end of the Silurian, about 419 million years ago (Mya), to the start of the Carboniferous, around …, Compare the Carboniferous period to the Devonian period. In the Devonian Period, forests and land plants evolved and vertebrates made their appearance. Four-legged vertebrates evolved during the Carboniferous Period, which caused an increase in the number of land-based organisms., When did the Devonian period start and end? 419.2 (+/- 3.2) million years ago – 358.9 (+/- 0.4) million years ago Devonian/Occurred. How many millions of years long was the Devonian period? Devonian Period, in geologic time, an interval of the Paleozoic Era that follows the Silurian Period and precedes the Carboniferous Period, spanning ..., Aug 1, 2012 · Fragmentary remains of insect-like arthropods are known from the Silurian to the mid-Devonian periods, 425 million to 385 million years ago, whereas modern insects are known from the Carboniferous ... , The Carboniferous Period also heralded an unprecedented rise in atmospheric oxygen levels. Near the end of this period, oxygen levels rose to 35 percen t, a 75 percent increase over modern-day levels., 3. Amphibians. The Carboniferous period is sometimes referred to as the “Age of Amphibians” because it was the time of peak amphibian development. During the late Devonian period, the tetrapods …, The first jawless fish, which had already appeared in the Late Cambrian, were followed in the Late Ordovician by jawed fish. Life appeared on land for the first time, in the form of simple plants. The Ordovician ended, after a series of major extinctions, about 443 million years ago. The Silurian (443–419 million years ago) and Devonian (419 ..., Russell Garwood and Alan Spencer (UK) he Carboniferous Period is a fascinating time in earth history. It spanned 60Ma (359.2 to 299.0Ma), towards the end of the Palaeozoic era, falling between the Devonian and Permian. During the Carboniferous, the supercontinent Pangaea was assembling and the oceans were home to invertebrates such as corals ..., Devonian Period, in geologic time, an interval of the Paleozoic Era that follows the Silurian Peri…, The term primarily refers to a major extinction, the Kellwasser event, also known as the Frasnian-Famennian extinction, which occurred around 372 million years ago, at the boundary between the Frasnian stage and the Famennian stage, the last stage in the Devonian Period. Overall, 19% of all families and 50% of all genera became extinct., The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 358.9 ± 0.4 million years ago, to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 298.9 ± 0.15 Ma. The name Carboniferous means “coal-bearing” and derives from the Latin words carbo (coal) and fero, fers (to carry), and was coined by ..., The Carboniferous Period consists of two subperiods: the Pennsylvanian and the Mississippian. Pennsylvanian subperiod (323 million years ago to 299 million years ago): Cycles of shallow seas, swamps, and river channels resulted in deposits of limestone, sandstone, and shale that are found at the surface in eastern Kansas.