Body solid pendulum squat - For general lower body and leg development, ideally you should have a free weight squat, a good squat machine that targets the quads more (hack squat, narrow stance smith squat), and a leg press. If you are comparing squats to leg presses, it depends on which exercise allows you to achieve better knee flexion (quad stretch under load) in the hole

 
The pendulum squat is an innovative and effective lower body exercise that targets the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, and lower back. The unique movement, mimicking a pendulum, allows for better weight distribution and range of motion, putting less stress on the knees and lower back. 2. What makes pendulum squats different from traditional …. Acrylic short coffin nails

Best Squat Machine for Bad Knees: The DB Method The Machine. The DB Method. Key Features: Designed to shift your weight back, putting the focus on the glutes and taking pressure off your knees ...French Fitness FFB Black Pendulum Squat Leg Press Machine (New) Price: USD. ... Body-Solid GSCL360 Leverage Squat Calf Machine (New) Price: USD $995.00 .Squat. The Squat is a compound, full body exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and buttocks, quads, hamstrings, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons throughout the lower body. Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks, as ...French Fitness FF-BSM20 Belt Squat Machine (New) French Fitness FFS Silver 45 Degree Linear Leg Press (New) Hammer Strength Linear 45 Degree P/L Leg Press w/4 Horns (Remanufactured) French Fitness Monster Compact Leg Press Sled (New) Price: USD $1,299.00. Price: USD $2,699.00. Price: USD $3,899.00. Price: USD $799.00.Mar 23, 2022 · One of the biggest pendulum squat benefits is the ability to go through a larger range of motion than in the squat. Since the machine is made in a way where the exercise goes through a pendulum-like motion, it allows your knees to travel much further and your hips to sit back. The range of motion is one of the biggest contributors to muscle ... Go heavy! Perform squats with 300, 500, 800 pounds and more! - GSCL360 - Body-Solid Leverage Squat Calf Machine10/24/2023 04:50 am GMT. The Gymax sissy squat machine features eight different exercise modes, including squats, twists, situps, pushups, and supine leg lifts. It’s a durable, heavy-duty deluxe machine with a long-lasting gray powder coat exterior that supports deep sissy squats.Mar 3, 2023 · The Body-Solid Gravity Squat and leg raise device weighs 170 pounds. And has dimensions of 62 by 43 by 56 inches (L x W x H). The Body-Solid Permanent In as well as Full Business Guarantee support it. This device practically allows you to go heavy! Instead of using free weights. You can execute squats with 300, 500, 800, and more pounds. Go heavy! Perform squats with 300, 500, 800 pounds and more! The Leverage Squat Machine is the strongest machine in its class and can handle the heaviest loads with ease. This machine is built for those who want it all...power, mass, and performance! Olympic style plates only. Hack Squats. Pendulum Squats. Leg Extension. Leg Curl. Hip Adduction. Calf Raises. Goblet Squats. Copenhagen Planks. At the end of this article, you will understand how to adjust exercise execution to shift loading away from the glutes and how these exercises are best performed.Constructed from high-quality heavy gauge steel, the PRIMAL® Pendulum Squat boasts a robust and sturdy frame that's built to endure the toughest workouts, day in and day out. This solid structure ensures that your gym's clientele can train with confidence to push their limits and achieve their goals on a reliable and sturdy platform. Do you want to work up a sweat, get your heart rate going and give your body an all-over workout? If the answer is yes, then the Pendulum Squat Workout is for you! This exercise routine will target all of your major muscle groups and push them to their limits. Get ready to feel thePendulum (mechanics) Animation of a pendulum showing the velocity and acceleration vectors. A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity ...The pendulum squat is an excellent squat variation. It’s back-friendly, easy to learn, and still targets the same lower body muscles as a regular squat. It’s a rare …Body Solid LVLA Pro Clubline Plate Loaded Leverage Lat Pulldown Machine. Sale $1,999.00 $1,259.00. SAVE $740.00. Body Solid LVBP Plate Loaded Leverage Bench Press Machine ... Muscle D Free Weight Line 30 Degree Linear Hack Squat Machine MD-HSM. Sale $3,994.99 $2,994.99. SAVE $1,000.00. Muscle D Elite Leverage Incline …About us. French Fitness, headquartered in Northern California, manufacturers premier gym equipment including dumbbells, barbells, weight plates, racks, gym systems, flooring, and much more to the highest degree of precision. Our production capabilities exceed the most rigorous product standards in the industry and deliver continual innovation. Hold the bar overhand, wider than shoulder-width. Push up to straighten your legs and unrack the barbell. Take one step back with both feet, wider than shoulder-width in your normal squat stance. Hinge your hips and bend your knees, pushing outward to track your knees in the direction of your feet.Body part . Abdominals . Sit Up Benches ... Pendulum Squat Pro. MODEL PW212. Leg Press Machines. New equipment Legs Plate Loaded Machines Pro Series. ... Hack squat pro. MODEL PW412. Leg Press Machines. Belt squat. MODEL PW511. Leg Press Machines. See more related equipment. Useful resources. Owner’s manual.This is SUCH a hard piece of kit. If you are lucky enough to have a pendulum squat in your gym, here’s a few points to help your technique. Foot position: …Hamstrings How to Do the Pendulum Squat Pendulum Squat Benefits Drawbacks 7 Pendulum Squat Alternatives 1. Leg press 2. Hack squat machine 3. Heels elevated goblet squat 4. Close stance squat 5.Oct 5, 2022 · syedee Hack Squat Machine, Plate Loaded V Squat Machine with Band Pegs, Lower Body Special Leg Machine fit 2” Plate, 1000 Pounds Capacity Calf Raise Machine with Adjustable Footboard for Home Gym 4.8 out of 5 stars 30 Best Squat Machine for Bad Knees: The DB Method The Machine. The DB Method. Key Features: Designed to shift your weight back, putting the focus on the glutes and taking pressure off your knees ...10/24/2023 04:50 am GMT. The Gymax sissy squat machine features eight different exercise modes, including squats, twists, situps, pushups, and supine leg lifts. It’s a durable, heavy-duty deluxe machine with a long-lasting gray powder coat exterior that supports deep sissy squats.Figure 24.2 Physical pendulum. The gravitational force acts at the center of mass of the physical pendulum. Denote the distance of the center of mass to the pivot point S by l c m. The torque analysis is nearly identical to the simple pendulum. The torque about the pivot point S is given by. τ → S = r → S, c m × m g → = l c m r ^ × m g ...Powerlifters! This April 10th & 11th We are bringing you yet another Australian WRPF powerlifting competition! So pack your bags and start prepping We are 12 Weeks Out! . . . . For any...Build mass and strength in the thighs, glutes, calves and lower back with Body-Solid's SLS500 Leverage Squat. Engineered to eliminate the risks of squats, the SLS500 enhances the benefits, increases effectiveness and carries a full commercial rating, making it perfect for any facility. A biomechanicall... READ MORE » Model: SLS500 MSRP: $1,795.00Build mass and strength in the thighs, glutes, calves and lower back with Body-Solid’s SLS500 Leverage Squat. Engineered to eliminate the risks of squats, the SLS500 enhances the benefits, increases effectiveness and carries a full commercial rating, making it perfect for any facility. A biomechanicall... READ MORE » Model: SLS500 MSRP: $1,795.00See full list on fitnessvolt.com See more of One Strength on Facebook. Log In. orLeverage/ pendulum squat & Calf Machine Body Solid GSCL360 hjælper dig med at styrke lår, bagdel, lægmuskler samt ryg og lænd. GSCM360-maskinen giver dig mulighed for at løfte helt op til 360 kg. Den...Exercise demonstration of the Watson & Atlantis Pendulum Squat Machines & modifications you can use to improve your set ups.More Videos & Training Programs @...Build mass and strength in the thighs, glutes, calves and lower back with Body-Solid’s SLS500 Leverage Squat. Engineered to eliminate the risks of squats, the SLS500 …Constructed from high-quality heavy gauge steel, the PRIMAL® Pendulum Squat boasts a robust and sturdy frame that's built to endure the toughest workouts, day in and day out. This solid structure ensures that your gym's clientele can train with confidence to push their limits and achieve their goals on a reliable and sturdy platform.Leverage/ pendulum squat & Calf Machine Body Solid GSCL360 hjælper dig med at styrke lår, bagdel, lægmuskler samt ryg og lænd. GSCM360-maskinen giver dig mulighed for at løfte helt op til 360 kg. Den...Weighted Used. Muscles Worked. 1. Equipment. The first key difference between the leg press and hack squat is the required equipment. The hack squat machine consists of a backrest and shoulder pad assembly that slides up and down a set of tracks on either side of the machine with a platform at the bottom.August 19, 2023 The pendulum squat is an incredibly underrated squat variation for strength and hypertrophy. This squat variation can only be performed on pendulum squat machines which more gyms are starting to acquire.COMPANY | Discount Vouchers & Finance Info: 0330 123 9810* | Trade Enquiries | Body-Solid UK Celebrates Two Decades of Success | About Body-Solid UK | Delivery Charges | Ts & Cs COOKIES | By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. For more details of these cookies and how to disable them, see our privacy policy *Calls to Body …Hack Squats. Pendulum Squats. Leg Extension. Leg Curl. Hip Adduction. Calf Raises. Goblet Squats. Copenhagen Planks. At the end of this article, you will understand how to adjust exercise execution to shift loading away from the glutes and how these exercises are best performed.The restoring torque is supplied by the shearing of the string or wire. Figure 15.22 A torsional pendulum consists of a rigid body suspended by a string or wire. The rigid body oscillates between θ =+Θ θ = + Θ and θ =−Θ θ = − Θ. The restoring torque can be modeled as being proportional to the angle: τ = −κθ. τ = − κ θ.An extended range of motion on the squat will lead to total lower body engagement. Expect a nasty calf pump if you perform the dumbbell hack squat for a higher number of reps (15-20). Abs. Since the dumbbell hack squat requires you to plant your heels on an elevated platform, you need a solid core to keep your torso upright throughout the exercise.MODEL PW511. Leg Press Machines. Leg platform. MODEL C206. Leg Press Machines. There’s no skipping leg day with leg press and squat machines. Shop our huge selection of cable and weight plate resistance leg press machines in a variety of configurations. Using a leg press machine is a great way to target your quads, glutes, hamstrings, and calves.A Body-Solid best seller, the GLPH1100 is nothing short of awesome. Incredible build quality and a lifetime in-home warrranty will have you covered for years to come. ... Body-Solid Leg Press & Hack Squat GLPH1100 Body-Solid. Original price $1,495.00 - Original price $1,495.00 Original ...Mar 7, 2023 · Step 3: Set Up on the Pendulum Squat Machine. Walk inside the machine’s footprint and set your back against the back pad with your shoulders tucked comfortably under the shoulder pads. Now that your body’s supported in the tender, loving embrace of the pendulum squat machine, set your feet onto its platform. The pendulum squat is a fabulous lower body workout that especially works the quads and glutes. These squats are safer for some lifters than standard squats, as they direct your movements and ...Pendulum Squat: A Deep Dive Mechanics and Technique. The Pendulum Squat, also known as the Lever Squat, is a compound lower body exercise that primarily targets the quadriceps. It’s performed using a Pendulum Squat machine, which consists of a moving weight stack attached to a lever. Here’s how it works:⭐️NOUVEAU PROGRAMME CUISSES http://bit.ly/CLASSICLEGSMa séance musculation cuisses très intense avec notamment le test du pendulum squat machine pour dévelo...The pendulum squat is a fabulous lower body workout that especially works the quads and glutes. These squats are safer for some lifters than standard squats, as they direct your movements and ...French Fitness FF-BSM20 Belt Squat Machine (New) French Fitness FFS Silver 45 Degree Linear Leg Press (New) Hammer Strength Linear 45 Degree P/L Leg Press w/4 Horns (Remanufactured) French Fitness Monster Compact Leg Press Sled (New) Price: USD $1,299.00. Price: USD $2,699.00. Price: USD $3,899.00. Price: USD $799.00.Hack Squats. Pendulum Squats. Leg Extension. Leg Curl. Hip Adduction. Calf Raises. Goblet Squats. Copenhagen Planks. At the end of this article, you will understand how to adjust exercise execution to shift loading away from the glutes and how these exercises are best performed.The digestive system helps the body break down food, so nutrients can be used for cell repair, growth and energy. The digestive system is also responsible for storing and excreting solid wastes.Overall Score:4.8. The Body Solid Roman Chair is a compactly designed device constructed from 2" x 2" heavy gauge framing. It features an extra wide base to ensure that it won't rock or wobble when you're using it. Oversized 8" foam rollers keep your ankles comfortably and securely in place during the movement.Hamstrings How to Do the Pendulum Squat Pendulum Squat Benefits Drawbacks 7 Pendulum Squat Alternatives 1. Leg press 2. Hack squat machine 3. Heels elevated goblet squat 4. Close stance squat 5.Oh, what a joyous time when a bodybuilder gets to play with new toys in the gym. On May 10, 2022, former 212 Olympia champion Shaun Clarida got to experience his high-volume, quad-focused leg day ...Your body will generally find the most efficient posture to generate force against a solid surface; ... You can think of the pendulum squat as a hack squat with an improved resistance curve.I love (hate) John Meadows Split Squat Drop Set of Death. Set 1: moderate set of 8 (60 second rest) Set 2: Moderate-hard set of 8 (60 second rest) Set 3: Hard set of 8 (60 second rest) Set 4 (Drop Set): Same weight as third set for 8, hold 8 seconds at bottom. Then immediately do same weight as second set for 8, hold 8 seconds at bottom.Oct 27, 2023 · Entry level home gym model. On the lower end of the home gym price range, Body-Solid offers the BFMG20 model for just $715. It comes with a 145 lb weight stack and, for a machine that only measures 64 inches in length and 47 in width, it is versatile enough to make a full body workout possible. Stations include the Pectoral Fly, Tricep ... $5,999.00 Golden Designs "Monaco Elite" 6-person Near Zero EMF Indoor Far Infrared Sauna Canadian Hemlock GDI-6996-01 736211815866MODEL PW511. Leg Press Machines. Leg platform. MODEL C206. Leg Press Machines. There’s no skipping leg day with leg press and squat machines. Shop our huge selection of cable and weight plate resistance leg press machines in a variety of configurations. Using a leg press machine is a great way to target your quads, glutes, hamstrings, and calves.The Body-Solid Leverage Squat and Calf Raise Machine (GSCL360) handles the heaviest loads with ease to help you develop explosive lower-body power. The squat is the ultimate exercise for building mass and strength in your thighs, glutes, calves, and lower back.Dedicated gym goer Lifter of heavy things Loser of a considerable amount of body fat C4 addict Adam "HELLO" @bbma3690 competing in BJJ on the weekend Massive props to this guys dedication in the...ACTION (MOVEMENT): Begin the movement by bending your legs, descending down and forward into a squat. Try to hit 90 degrees at the knees or deeper. Extend your legs and return to the starting position, stopping just short of complete lockout to keep the tension on your quads. Repeat for the required number of reps.Constructed from high-quality heavy gauge steel, the PRIMAL® Pendulum Squat boasts a robust and sturdy frame that's built to endure the toughest workouts, day in and day out. This solid structure ensures that your gym's clientele can train with confidence to push their limits and achieve their goals on a reliable and sturdy platform. Pendulum squat. It's different from a hack, but they are pretty damn close as far as muscles worked. Choosing between the two for efficacy is a toss-up, based solely on personal preference Step-By-Step Instructions: Load up an appropriate amount of weight on the machine using weight plates or the machines weight stack. Sit on the leg press machine with your back and head resting comfortably against the padded support. Place your feet on the footplate in the position you choose to use. Make sure your bottom is flat against the ...Hack Squats. Pendulum Squats. Leg Extension. Leg Curl. Hip Adduction. Calf Raises. Goblet Squats. Copenhagen Planks. At the end of this article, you will understand how to adjust exercise execution to shift loading away from the glutes and how these exercises are best performed.For general lower body and leg development, ideally you should have a free weight squat, a good squat machine that targets the quads more (hack squat, narrow stance smith squat), and a leg press. If you are comparing squats to leg presses, it depends on which exercise allows you to achieve better knee flexion (quad stretch under load) in the hole What Is The Pendulum Squat The pendulum squat is an exercise machine that has a counterbalance helping you squat into an arching motion, (like a pendulum). As a squat variation, this exercise is great for adding some variety into your training regimen, to help build size and strength in your quadriceps, glutes, adductors and calves.the Pendulum Squat machine at War House Gym. This one of a kind WAR MACHINE Pendulum is by far the highest quality design of this platform in the Fitness In...Build mass and strength in the thighs, glutes, calves and lower back with Body-Solid’s SLS500 Leverage Squat. Engineered to eliminate the risks of squats, the SLS500 …Pendulum Squat: A Deep Dive Mechanics and Technique. The Pendulum Squat, also known as the Lever Squat, is a compound lower body exercise that primarily targets the quadriceps. It’s performed using a Pendulum Squat machine, which consists of a moving weight stack attached to a lever. Here’s how it works:Posted By Body-Solid on Jul 24, 2017. This is a guest post from Gregory Brown, chief editor at ConstructMuscles.com. Stay connected to Gregory on Twitter or by visiting ConstructMuscles.com. Introduction. The squat is one of the most effective strength and weight training movements, but it has caused more knee pain and injury than every …How to do a basic Pendulum Squat April 28, 2021 Pendulum Movements are a staple in my training system. Functionally adaptable movement encompasses …Body-Solid 12 Pair Neoprene Dumbbell Package with Rack. PRICE: $485.00. MSRP: $625.00. Shop free weights at Fitness Factory! We offer a large selection of commercial …Body-Solid - Sissy Squat GSS50 Regular price $249.88 Sale price $249.88 Save $149.12 Regular price. $399.00 Unit price / per . Powerline Leg Extension/ Leg Curl ... About us. French Fitness, headquartered in Northern California, manufacturers premier gym equipment including dumbbells, barbells, weight plates, racks, gym systems, flooring, and much more to the highest degree of precision. Our production capabilities exceed the most rigorous product standards in the industry and deliver continual innovation. Hold onto the barbell at arm’s length behind your back. Your grip and your feet should be at shoulder-width. Keeping the chest up, begin to squat back and down, stopping when your thighs are ...The Squat is the ultimate exercise for building mass and strength in the thighs, glutes, calves, and lower back. This Leverage Squat / Calf Raise Machine is engineered to eliminate the risks of this essential exercise while enhancing the benefits and increasing the effectiveness. Go heavy! Perform squats with 300, 500, 800 pounds and more!Leg Press Hack Squat Machine Leg Exercise Machine with Linear Bearing For Home. $1,099.00. ... Body-Solid Powerline PVLP156X Vertical Leg Press. $435.00. Free shipping.Hack squat>Leg press, tho leg press is better for newbies and hack better for the more advanced people as it gives much more stimulus. Hack squat is incredible but can be hard for your knees, be sure to always warm up the legs before using hack squat. This is incredibly false information. Dorian Yates Mr Olympia used leg presses as his main ...Body-Solid - Sissy Squat GSS50 Regular price $249.88 Sale price $249.88 Save $149.12 Regular price. $399.00 Unit price / per . Powerline Seated Calf Raise PSC43X ... Body Solid. Body-Solid CAM Series Seated Leg Extension / Seated Leg Curl GCEC340 Regular price $699.88 Sale price $699.88 ...Body-Solid, Inc. Videos for related products. 2:54 . Click to play video. Instructions of SPART CH3006 Leg Press Hack Squat Machine. SPARTFITNESS . Videos for related products. 0:24 . Click to play video. Seal Row Bench - Focus On Back. GMWDFitness . Videos for related products. 0:13 . Click to play video.Body part . Abdominals . Sit Up Benches ... Pendulum Squat Pro. MODEL PW212. Leg Press Machines. New equipment Legs Plate Loaded Machines Pro Series. ... Hack squat pro. MODEL PW412. Leg Press Machines. Belt squat. MODEL PW511. Leg Press Machines. See more related equipment. Useful resources. Owner’s manual.

Mar 3, 2023 · The Body-Solid Gravity Squat and leg raise device weighs 170 pounds. And has dimensions of 62 by 43 by 56 inches (L x W x H). The Body-Solid Permanent In as well as Full Business Guarantee support it. This device practically allows you to go heavy! Instead of using free weights. You can execute squats with 300, 500, 800, and more pounds. . Radio wiring diagram for 2003 ford explorer

body solid pendulum squat

Functionally adaptable movement encompasses efficiency, rhythm, grace, explosive power and center of gravity. When done correctly, Pendulum exercises improve all these dynamics. The Involvement of a Pendulum Swing during an exercise forces your body to adapt to momentum and horizontal forces that you wouldn't get out of traditional methods. An ...This final hack squat variation looks like the pendulum squat machine above, except it has a weight selector stack instead of free weight plates. Other than that, the execution is the same as a regular pendulum squat. Remember, for targeting your quads like the hack squat, keep your back upright and bend more at the knees!Go heavy! Perform squats with 300, 500, 800 pounds and more! - GSCL360 - Body-Solid Leverage Squat Calf Machine Leverage/ pendulum squat & Calf Machine Body Solid GSCL360 hjælper dig med at styrke lår, bagdel, lægmuskler samt ryg og lænd. GSCM360-maskinen giver dig mulighed for at løfte helt op til 360 kg. Den...Hack Squats. Pendulum Squats. Leg Extension. Leg Curl. Hip Adduction. Calf Raises. Goblet Squats. Copenhagen Planks. At the end of this article, you will understand how to adjust exercise execution to shift loading away from the glutes and how these exercises are best performed.OUR REVOLUTIONARY LINE OF STRENGTH TRAINING EQUIPMENT IS CHANGING THE GAME FOR SCHOOLS AND GYMS AROUND THE WORLD shop pendulum THE TOUGHEST RACKS The rock solid base you need for real training. These racks can take a beating and stand up to the test of time. ENGINEERED EFFICIENCY Achieve maximum …Simple Pendulum: Torque Approach . Recall the simple pendulum from Chapter 23.3.1.The coordinate system and force diagram for the simple pendulum is shown in Figure 24.1. (a) (b) Figure 24.1 (a) Coordinate system and (b) torque diagram for simple pendulum The torque about the pivot point P is given by τ g = l = r. ×. m. r . ×. mg (cosθ. rSep 12, 2023 · Muscle Activation. Pendulum Squat: This exercise predominantly targets the quadriceps, making it ideal for those looking to isolate and grow their front thigh muscles. Hack Squat: While the quadriceps are still the primary focus, the Hack Squat engages a broader range of leg muscles, including the hamstrings and glutes. Leg Press Hack Squat Machine Leg Exercise Machine with Linear Bearing For Home. $1,099.00. ... Body-Solid Powerline PVLP156X Vertical Leg Press. $435.00. Free shipping.Well I can't post pics or links yet, it a Body Solid SLS500 What I loved was how low I could squat without stressing my knees, which was always a concern for me even when I was a teenager back in the 90s. For those who have used these and pendulum machines, is the leverage machine similar? My gym doesn't have a Pendulum.How to use the v squat machine: v squat machine form. Our spine should be in contact with the back pad. Feet shoulder-width apart, or potentially a bit wider if you have less hip flexibility. Point your toes 15% to either side, which is not a lot of movement. Whilst a wider toe stance can feel more comfortable for deep squats, an angle that is ...Body-Solid Leverage Squat/Calf Machine GSCL360 (Local Pick-up only) Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. ... or Best Offer. Free local pickup. Pendulum squat machine, brand new, heavy duty construction, large foot platform. Opens in a new window or tab. Brand New. bobbkir-5 (32) 100%. or Best Offer +$7.75 shipping. SBD 13MM Lifting Lever ...The FF-BSM20 can be used for a variety of exercises, including rows, Romanian deadlifts, tricep extensions, and high pulls. It's a great machine for people who have back or shoulder issues. The French Fitness FF-BSM20 Belt Squat Machine offers a 47" x 31" (1200 x 800 mm) large base that keeps you secure throughout workouts. French Fitness FF ... How to use the v squat machine: v squat machine form. Our spine should be in contact with the back pad. Feet shoulder-width apart, or potentially a bit wider if you have less hip flexibility. Point your toes 15% to either side, which is not a lot of movement. Whilst a wider toe stance can feel more comfortable for deep squats, an angle that is ... Set up with your feet at hip-width apart with your toes facing forward. Step out to the right with your right leg. Sink back into a squat on your right leg, with your knee tracking over your toes ....

Popular Topics